118 comments ↓

#1 rakesh G A on 01.18.12 at 10:41 am

Introduction:

Bug can be defined as the abnormal behavior of the software. No software exists without a bug. The elimination of bugs from the software depends upon the efficiency of testing done on the software. A bug is a specific concern about the quality of the Application under Test (AUT).
Bug Life Cycle:

In software development process, the bug has a life cycle. The bug should go through the life cycle to be closed. A specific life cycle ensures that the process is standardized. The bug attains different states in the life cycle. The life cycle of the bug can be shown diagrammatically as follows:

The different states of a bug can be summarized as follows:

1. New
2. Open
3. Assign
4. Test
5. Verified
6. Deferred
7. Reopened
8. Duplicate
9. Rejected and
10. Closed
Description of Various Stages:

1. New: When the bug is posted for the first time, its state will be “NEW”. This means that the bug is not yet approved.

2. Open: After a tester has posted a bug, the lead of the tester approves that the bug is genuine and he changes the state as “OPEN”.

3. Assign: Once the lead changes the state as “OPEN”, he assigns the bug to corresponding developer or developer team. The state of the bug now is changed to “ASSIGN”.

4. Test: Once the developer fixes the bug, he has to assign the bug to the testing team for next round of testing. Before he releases the software with bug fixed, he changes the state of bug to “TEST”. It specifies that the bug has been fixed and is released to testing team.

5. Deferred: The bug, changed to deferred state means the bug is expected to be fixed in next releases. The reasons for changing the bug to this state have many factors. Some of them are priority of the bug may be low, lack of time for the release or the bug may not have major effect on the software.

6. Rejected: If the developer feels that the bug is not genuine, he rejects the bug. Then the state of the bug is changed to “REJECTED”.

7. Duplicate: If the bug is repeated twice or the two bugs mention the same concept of the bug, then one bug status is changed to “DUPLICATE”.

8. Verified: Once the bug is fixed and the status is changed to “TEST”, the tester tests the bug. If the bug is not present in the software, he approves that the bug is fixed and changes the status to “VERIFIED”.

9. Reopened: If the bug still exists even after the bug is fixed by the developer, the tester changes the status to “REOPENED”. The bug traverses the life cycle once again.

10. Closed: Once the bug is fixed, it is tested by the tester. If the tester feels that the bug no longer exists in the software, he changes the status of the bug to “CLOSED”. This state means that the bug is fixed, tested and approved.

While defect prevention is much more effective and efficient in reducing the number of defects, most organization conducts defect discovery and removal. Discovering and removing defects is an expensive and inefficient process. It is much more efficient for an organization to conduct activities that prevent defects.
Guidelines on deciding the Severity of Bug:

Indicate the impact each defect has on testing efforts or users and administrators of the application under test. This information is used by developers and management as the basis for assigning priority of work on defects.

A sample guideline for assignment of Priority Levels during the product test phase includes:

1. Critical / Show Stopper — An item that prevents further testing of the product or function under test can be classified as Critical Bug. No workaround is possible for such bugs. Examples of this include a missing menu option or security permission required to access a function under test.
.
2. Major / High — A defect that does not function as expected/designed or cause other functionality to fail to meet requirements can be classified as Major Bug. The workaround can be provided for such bugs. Examples of this include inaccurate calculations; the wrong field being updated, etc.
.
3. Average / Medium — The defects which do not conform to standards and conventions can be classified as Medium Bugs. Easy workarounds exists to achieve functionality objectives. Examples include matching visual and text links which lead to different end points.
.
4. Minor / Low — Cosmetic defects which does not affect the functionality of the system can be classified as Minor Bugs.

#2 Shailesh Raj on 01.24.12 at 12:51 pm

Nice text, its very useful with simplicity…

Thanks Rakesh G!

#3 Sunil on 01.25.12 at 6:37 pm

More informative, explained very clearly it is very help full… thanQ very much for good post.

#4 kanika on 02.01.12 at 3:18 pm

awsum man…

#5 Mala on 02.07.12 at 5:08 pm

Its very simple to understand.
Thank you

#6 Ganesh chandanshive on 02.09.12 at 6:07 am

Thanks Rekha G A …..
Very helpful topic discussed above …..

#7 Chandrakanta on 02.16.12 at 4:51 am

Thanks a lot Rakesh G A
Nice one

#8 Michel on 02.20.12 at 6:20 am

Thanks a lot, concise and clear.

#9 Adarsh Kumar on 02.20.12 at 11:15 am

Thanks Rakesh GA….Really it is very simple and useful..

#10 venkat on 02.21.12 at 3:08 pm

excellent

#11 venkat on 02.21.12 at 3:10 pm

excellent preparation rakesh. very good performance. I will appreciate your training……

#12 Manas on 02.22.12 at 4:47 am

It great Thanks a lot.

#13 Manas on 02.22.12 at 4:48 am

Its great Thanks a lot.

#14 Naveen on 02.23.12 at 11:36 am

Thanks a lot

#15 Anita on 02.24.12 at 4:47 am

The way you have explained is very spoon feeding…thnk u

#16 Jegadeesh on 02.24.12 at 5:37 am

Received a good clarity

Thanks

#17 URUSA on 03.01.12 at 6:07 pm

Its perfectly given step by step and very easy to understand

#18 Ramana murthy on 03.02.12 at 6:06 am

Useful Info…thank you friends!

#19 Abhiram on 03.05.12 at 11:47 am

Thanks…. useful info

#20 vishal c. on 03.06.12 at 10:27 am

awesome information..!!

Thanks sir…

#21 Aditi on 03.07.12 at 5:11 am

nice article .thanks

#22 Shubha on 03.07.12 at 6:58 pm

Easy and effective article on testing for freshers .. Thank u boss

#23 Meeta on 03.12.12 at 9:35 am

Can we raised a new bug and mark 3-4 of the old bugs as it’s duplicates? is that valid in the cycle?

#24 Arunadevi on 03.13.12 at 8:27 am

Easily and clearly understandable … Thank u

#25 Namrita Kachroo on 03.13.12 at 9:57 am

Excellent Knowledge Tahnks a lot

#26 Milly on 03.14.12 at 9:05 am

Thanks .Its really helpful

#27 Syam Ghana on 03.14.12 at 10:11 am

The concept explanation in simply awesome. Thanks for info

#28 Gopinath on 03.16.12 at 12:21 pm

Tnks alot

#29 Karthik on 03.20.12 at 5:58 am

Thanks for the info. Very informative with simple words.

#30 madhavi on 03.20.12 at 12:15 pm

please can any body tell the difference between QA and QC, how they are related

#31 Milly on 03.21.12 at 9:17 am

Its really useful for testing

#32 Ballee on 03.22.12 at 9:07 am

Ya!!! Its very useful.. Awesome share….Cheers Man!!!!!!!!!

#33 shalini on 03.26.12 at 7:43 am

it was very useful…………..thanks a lot

#34 Ravi on 03.28.12 at 12:00 pm

Article is very simple enough to understand. Thanks.

#35 obanna on 03.30.12 at 10:33 am

Thank’s a lot Rakesh

#36 mahesh on 04.02.12 at 10:11 am

very good

#37 Nil Shriwas on 04.06.12 at 10:42 am

Nice Article, Its very-Very Simple…………

#38 Aabha on 04.11.12 at 10:07 am

bug life cycles

1.New
2.Open
3.Assign
4.Fixed
5.Reopen
6.Closed

#39 Nikhil on 04.13.12 at 7:38 pm

Bug Life Cycle:
1. New
2. Open
3. Assign
4. Fixed
5. Retest
6. Pass or Fail
7. If Pass then Close
8. If Fail then Assign back to developer
9. Again step “4″ onwards status goes on

#40 sri on 04.18.12 at 5:31 am

its so good yar

#41 masood on 04.19.12 at 4:25 am

excellent explanation Rakesh ji….very good notes…simply understanding

#42 sashh on 04.20.12 at 7:42 pm

Its really good to undertand , can you update more about testing?

#43 Mayura patel on 04.21.12 at 9:38 am

V. gud Explanation……….pls tell me about STLC procedure also…………

#44 Shaji on 04.22.12 at 10:34 am

What would be the defect status when the retest is pending because of another defect?

#45 shivling on 04.24.12 at 9:23 am

thanks..

#46 Prince on 04.27.12 at 3:19 pm

Its a good one… Thanks!

#47 pradeep on 04.28.12 at 5:11 am

its good

#48 sai on 04.28.12 at 6:00 am

good explanation

#49 Bala on 04.30.12 at 9:12 am

very nice …..very simple to understand…

#50 Mousumi on 05.02.12 at 7:01 am

Nice explaination!!

#51 Ratnakar on 05.03.12 at 3:13 pm

Its effected answer, nice exact answer

#52 Ganesh on 05.07.12 at 1:59 am

Thanks a lot…

#53 chetan on 05.09.12 at 10:11 am

nice text it is very useful to me

#54 raj on 05.09.12 at 10:15 am

simply superb and very understandable ….

#55 sandhya on 05.10.12 at 11:15 am

excellent information on Bug Liffe Cycle

#56 Ramu P on 05.12.12 at 5:00 am

Very nice one…Thanks

#57 Rajani on 05.18.12 at 7:34 pm

Very nice Website with most of the information. I am in job search actually I don’t have any testing experience.

Can you Provide some general questions like.
Ex:- Any problems that you faced while testing?

Any suggestions on the above question for interview purpose. Really I don’t know what kind of problems we can face while testing.

#58 Gyanaranjan on 05.21.12 at 4:16 pm

thanks ,it’s a nice post

#59 vivek on 05.23.12 at 7:37 am

it’s very nice explanation. Thank you.

#60 Abhijit on 05.25.12 at 6:05 am

Even for someone who has no clue about software testing,this explanation is lucid and clear enough for understanding.

#61 palin on 05.29.12 at 10:48 am

thanks bro…nice info….

#62 Sakte on 06.05.12 at 5:07 am

Awesome work

#63 renuka on 06.06.12 at 6:17 am

good explination.Thanks rakesh

#64 chinnu on 06.07.12 at 10:19 am

hi its soo clear answers for every questions frnds..nice

#65 chinnu on 06.07.12 at 10:23 am

may i knw the starting salary for a manual tester wthout any experience..

#66 chinnu on 06.07.12 at 10:33 am

may i knw the starting salary of a manual tester..please gv me a reply

#67 chinu on 06.07.12 at 10:46 am

may i knw the starting salary of a manual tester please …reply me

#68 Anuj jain on 06.07.12 at 2:11 pm

Thanks a lot for sharing great knowledge

All the process you descried are very clear and useful for me but if u put an digram also then its the best for all to learn .

#69 Sowjanya on 06.11.12 at 12:09 pm

very nice. ThanQ.
Explain SDLC process also.?

#70 Vishal Gondalia on 06.12.12 at 7:19 am

Nice Material …
Very Useful

#71 Brian on 06.18.12 at 8:45 pm

How can you mark something “RESOLVED” before QA/Test verifies the code fix is correct??

This diagram above needs to be revamped — sorry but it’s only 70% accurate at best…

#72 manikandan mugavoor on 06.19.12 at 10:57 am

this is easy to understand………to the material……….thank you……very much the book

#73 Ramya on 06.20.12 at 10:23 am

its very useful

#74 Abhi on 06.20.12 at 11:04 am

nice artical

#75 srinu on 06.20.12 at 11:07 am

awesome…..

#76 Sivaraj on 07.16.12 at 11:06 am

Can anybody tell me how is future for manual tester.

#77 thulasiram on 07.18.12 at 5:47 am

Is Duplicate the is the End status ?
or it needs to be taken ahead with other status to mark it closed.(i mean withdrawn ?)

#78 srinivas on 07.22.12 at 6:11 pm

thanks alot, we can understand very easily and the way they have present is excellent…..

#79 amol on 07.23.12 at 6:45 pm

i was asked in the interview whose responsibility to fix defered bug in next releases

#80 Siva on 07.25.12 at 10:18 am

nice one..thanks a lot

#81 Maha on 07.26.12 at 2:49 pm

i think its Nageshwar Rao notes from MIND Q say some thing new what is happenning in the real time

#82 simna on 08.14.12 at 6:51 am

good one

#83 prachi on 08.17.12 at 7:03 am

Hi vijay

Ur work is excellent.
Please suggest me how to answer the question when asked what u have done(or how many test cases you prapare or type of testing u perform) on mentioned project lets say in domain Elearning. i am having the idea of the project bt not know how to start and how the flow go on.

#84 vaishali on 08.27.12 at 2:57 am

Nice Article.. Before reading this article, I actually dont know anything about Testing but this article helps me a lot to clear my concepts…

Thanks

#85 Simna on 08.28.12 at 6:03 am

Good one!!!:)

#86 Archana on 09.06.12 at 9:56 am

simple and valuable details to understand easily : )
Thanks a lot

#87 swapna on 09.07.12 at 10:01 am

Hi friends this article is really good but have to provid with life cycle image for getteing 100% calrity of bug life cycle .

#88 Arya on 09.10.12 at 9:57 am

Its very simple and usefull….

#89 Trivikram on 09.14.12 at 11:13 am

Thanks for an informative post. Gives a clear idea. Keep posting.

#90 samiksha on 09.15.12 at 8:52 am

gud material, it is very helpful….

#91 Navya on 09.18.12 at 4:02 pm

Superb:-

#92 Lakshmi on 09.20.12 at 7:33 am

Very Nice Explanation about bug life cycle in simple english, it’s very easy to understand!!!!!! Very helpful for freshers
Good Work Rakesh G A!!!!!!!

#93 yous on 10.02.12 at 11:04 am

wat if the reason of the bug changed !!! and it is still abug but for different reason

#94 Medhasree on 10.03.12 at 8:13 am

this was a very good information on bug life cycle.Please tell some interview questions on the current company(for exp),audits

#95 Pradeep on 10.08.12 at 11:25 am

good 1…simple and very useful..

#96 pravin on 10.09.12 at 9:23 am

Article is very simple enough to understand. Thanks.

#97 vaibhav on 10.18.12 at 9:56 am

Usually companies follows.

New
Resolved
If not resolved ReOpen
Close

#98 Trinesh on 11.05.12 at 9:49 am

really good…and conversation down the artical also good.!!

#99 MUHAMMAD UMAR ZAMAN on 11.12.12 at 11:30 am

NICE ONE DEAR

#100 Muthu on 11.13.12 at 10:59 am

Thanks man

#101 ashish on 11.19.12 at 6:30 am

Hi,
i have 2 questions
1.what is the difference between verified and closed.
2. after the developer changes to duplicate state will the tester change it to verified or closed

#102 Sujitha on 11.22.12 at 4:55 am

Awesome content!!! Thanku Rakesh.

#103 Manoj sharma on 11.23.12 at 1:15 pm

thks so much. such a nice article.

#104 karthik on 12.27.12 at 8:58 pm

FIELDS IN BUG TRACKING TOOL:

1. Bug ID.
2. Bug summary.
3. Bug description.
4. Assigned to
5. Severity.
6. Priority.
7. Status.
8. CC List.
9. Attachments.
10. Comments.

BUG ID:
? A unique id is given for every bug.

BUG SUMMARY:
? Single line explanation about the bug.

BUG DESCRIPTION:
? The details about bug.

ASSIGNED TO:
? To whom the bug is assigned.

SEVERITY:
? Impact of the bug based on the application.

PRIORITY:
? How important the bug has to be fixed.

STATUS:
1. New
2. Deffered
3. Rejected
4. Duplicate
5. Answer only
6. Open
7. Fixed
8. Resolved
9. Verify and Close
10. Failed.
NEW:
? When the test engineers identify the bug he set the status as NEW.

DEFFERED:
? In some cases the bug is not important for the current release then the status will be DEFFERED.

REJECTED:
? When the bug is invalid then the developer will change the status of the bug to REJECTED.

DUPLICATE:
? When the test engineer identifies the bug if the same bug has been fixed already by another test engineer then the status will be DUPLICATE.

ANSWER ONLY:
? If the bug is due to environmental issues and not code error then he changes the status to ANSWER ONLY.

OPEN:
? Development lead will see the bug. If it is valid then he change the status to OPEN.

FIXED:
? After fixing the bug by developer he change the status to FIXED.

RESOLVED:
? After fixing the bug by developer the new build has been created then the developer will change status RESOLVED.

VERIFY AND CLOSE:
? After the bug resolved then the test engineer will re-execute the test cases when there is no mismatch in the test cases then test engineer will change the status to VERIFY and then CLOSE.

FAILED:
? If the mismatch occurs in the test cases means then the tester will change the status to FAILED.

CC LIST:
? Complete list of e-mail id’s we want to sent.

ATTACHMENTS:
? If any bug is identified then the details of the bug has been attached.

COMMENTS:
? If any bug is modified then the tester will add the commands about the bug.

#105 priya on 01.04.13 at 5:41 am

thanx alot…..

#106 Shilpa on 01.31.13 at 7:03 am

Very nice explanation rakesh…. thanks a lot

#107 radheshyam on 02.04.13 at 8:04 am

good content ,better understandable

#108 jmd on 02.19.13 at 7:05 am

thanks buddy! great work…

#109 raja on 02.26.13 at 1:35 pm

good material, it is very helpful for me…………….

#110 rahul on 03.08.13 at 9:25 am

it’s very nice to understanding

#111 SANGEETHA on 03.15.13 at 5:25 am

thx a lot….if u explain with the bug life cycle dia it ll be more useful for me..thx nice explanation..

#112 mownica on 03.19.13 at 9:48 am

shud have put a graphical representation .wud have been more informative and easy to understand….

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#114 Deepak on 04.01.13 at 12:24 pm

I want to same article about the Defect Tracting Tools

#115 khayyum on 04.26.13 at 11:06 am

It’s good but it’ll be very good if it’s described in a diagramatic way.

#116 karishma on 06.05.13 at 7:15 am

thank u soo much , from this bug life cycle i learned a lot , thanks for helping me out from this, the matter was very neat nd clean finally awesome job man

#117 nivetha on 06.05.13 at 4:37 pm

thank u rakesh..it was a nice explanation

#118 lakshmanan on 06.13.13 at 12:34 pm

very nice rakesh for giving info about bug life cycle

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